Short Story Writers :: Writers Literature Fusco Essays

Short Story Writers "And then I woke up."Thus goes the kind of "trick ending" that every first year writing student is told to avoid, a mark of cheap theatrics and poor craftsmanship.Historically, this kind of ending is often associated with Guy de Maupassant, the prolific French writer of the 19th century, or his 20th century American heir apparent, O. Henry (William S. Porter).In this well researched and at moments insightful book, Richard Fusco argues that Maupassant's bad rap as first and foremost the inventor and disseminator of the "trick ending" is undeserved.What Fusco feels Maupassant does deserve is recognition as perhaps the single most important influence on American short story writers of the late 19th and early 20th century, particularly Ambrose Bierce, Kate Chopin, Henry James, and of course O. Henry.However, even as Fusco's readings of these writers are laudable in their thoroughness (with the exception of his treatment of O. Henry), his overall argument seems finally too dependent on an understanding of "trick ending" which does not make necessary distinctions, and is therefore superficial enough to accommodate nearly any writer one cares to name. Not that Fusco doesn't differentiate between types of trick endings.In fact, he develops his own seven categories of stories--from the simplest (linear) to most complex (sinusoidal)--based on their varying "placement and number of discovery points for the reader."The first two chapters, where Fusco limits himself to a thorough and interesting analysis of narrative structure in Maupassant, are the best of the book.However, in shifting his terms from "trick endings" to "discovery points," Fusco deprives his argument of its specificity and thus its power. To cite one example: Fusco argues that Maupassant and Bierce were similar in that they "favored fictive structures that depended on last-second, ironic reversals in the reader's perception."He then uses this theorized similarity to compare Maupassant's much-anthologized "The Necklace" to the that of Bierce's equally popular "Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge."In analyzing these (and other) stories by the two writers, Fusco uses Poe's "unity of effect" as a synonym for "discovery point" (which is in itself too reductionist a reading of what Poe meant).However, unity of effect for Maupassant in "The Necklace" is utterly dependent on information unavailable to the reader, i.e., that the necklace is paste, and thus the reader's "discovery" depends entirely on an absence, a trick of concealment, as in a "bad" murder mystery.In "Owl Creek," on the other hand, one need only read closely in the section where Peyton first falls from the bridge (and, in reality, dies) to obtain all the informatio n necessary to correctly interpret the rest of the story as an hallucination.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah Essay

The Allahabad Address by Allama Iqbal at the 25th session of All India Muslim League on December 19, 1930 spelled out the â€Å"Concept of Pakistan†.Here Allama Iqbal boldly presented the idea of a â€Å"separate homeland† for Indian Muslims. Jinnah, while admitting his efforts to foster Hindu-Muslim unity had fallen apart, remained fully sympathetic to serve the Indian Muslims. Allama Iqbal’s concept rapidly caught Jinnah’s attention. He returned to India in 1934 buoyant with highest levels of confidence and started to collect the Indian Muslims under   the singular banner of All India Muslim League. Jinnah and Allama Iqbal conferred regularly on strategic matters. Jinnah used Allama Iqbal’s concepts in his speeches. Under Jinnah’s wise leadership, the Muslim League expressed reservations about the weak parliament. The Congress grabbed the opportunity and contested the 1937 provincial elections. Consequently the Muslim League failed to win any majority. These events had a strong impact on Jinnah’s political perspectives. The British and Hindus had became power against the Muslims. The onus to rebuild Muslim majority came on the shoulders of Jinnah. The course of the events altered, in favor of Indian Muslims, when World War II erupted in September 1939. With Congress   demanding the British to â€Å"Quit India†, Viceroy asked Jinnah for expression of Muslim League’s position on self-government, confident that it would differ greatly from that of the Congress. Jinnah informed Viceroy that Muslim League would be demanding India’s partition instead of federation contemplated in 1935 Act. Lahore Resolution, also known as â€Å"Pakistan Resolution†, was a formal political statement adopted by the All India Muslim League on 23rd March 1940, which called for the creation of â€Å"independent state†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ for Muslims in British India. Eventually,1940 Lahore Resolution picked up pace and became unified demand for a separate Muslim state, called Pakistan. Jinnah declared Muslims would campaign on single issue: â€Å"Pakistan†. He traveled all over India and aggressively campaigned for Pakistan. His message to every one was loud and clear:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Pakistan is a matter of life or death for us.† â€Å"This was Jinnah’s glorious hour. His arduous political campaigns, his robust beliefs and claims, were at last justified.† The 1945 election results appeared to prove the universal appeal of Pakistan among Muslims of the subcontinent. These were testing times.Jinnah saw that indecisionand delays would only cause more bloodshed across Muslim-dominated areas. On 7 August Jinnah, with his sister Miss Fatima Jinnah and close aides, flew  from Delhi to Karachi and on August 11 presided   over the new constituent assembly for Pakistan. Jinnah addressed nation: â€Å"You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed. This has nothing to do with the business of the State.† On August 14, 1947,â€Å"Islamic Republic of Pakistan†came into existence, 0.first country in the world to be founded on the basis of Islamic Ideology. As Pakistan’s first head of state, Quaid-e-Azam led by example. He worked day and night to formulate policies and consolidate the entire fabric of the new Islamic Republic. During his tenure, the founder of Pakistan proudly boasted that: â€Å"Pakistan is the Castle of Islam. Pakistan should one day serve as platform for renaissance of the Caliphate System across the Muslim world.† In vital public address, on occasion of first independence day of Pakistan, on August 14, 1948, Quaid-e-Azam advised the nation: â€Å"Nature has given you everything. You have got unlimited resources. Foundations of your state have been laid, and it is now for you to build, and build as quickly and as well as you can. So go ahead and I wish you God speed.†

Campaigning For Office Is One Of The Most Difficult...

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The candidate’s embarrassing moment spread like wildfire throughout the media networks around the nation, completely ignoring what the night was truly about. All of the above and more are some of the points that Edwards, Wattenberg, and Lineberry, authors of â€Å"Reporting the news† make in regards to the evolution of news coverage shifting from what is important to what is entertaining and profitable. In the article â€Å"Reporting the News†, authors George C Edwards III, Martin P Wattenberg, and Robert L Lineberry discuss the different aspectsShow MoreRelatedEssay on Campaign Spending2275 Words   |  10 Pagescampaign is an organized effort which seeks to influence the democratic public that is voting for its elected officials. These seemingly trifling parts of a campaign cost money. Money equals power, is the political mantra in today’s society. 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